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: ''NPDA redirects here, it may also refer to nondeterministic pushdown automata.'' The National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is one of the two national intercollegiate parliamentary debate organizations in the United States. The other is the American Parliamentary Debate Association. Its membership is national with participating schools on both coasts and throughout the country. As of 2015, NAPA was the largest debating organization in the United States with around 200-250 participating schools in any given year.〔http://www.parlidebate.org/about-npda/〕 ==The Rules of NPDA Debate== In tournaments sponsored or sanctioned by the NPDA, teams of two persons debate head-to-head. Tournaments issue a new topic each round, generally on issues such as politics, philosophy, and current affairs, and speeches begin after limited preparation time. Parliamentary debate, which is often shortened as "parli," is a debate format in which tournament officials assign a new topic every round. After the announcement of the topic, the two teams have a limited preparation time, which is 15 minutes plus the time it takes to walk to the furthest away round in which debates will be taking place (usually rounded to 20 minutes), during which to write out their respective cases. The second important rule is time limits. The standard time limits for an NPDA debate are: * First Proposition Speaker: 7 minutes * First Opposition Speaker: 8 minutes * Second Proposition Speaker: 8 minutes * Second Opposition Speaker: 8 minutes * Opposition Rebuttal: 4 minutes * Proposition Rebuttal: 5 minutes There are tournaments, however, at which these are modified, generally to a 7-7-7-7-5-5 format. The Claremont Colleges tournament, for instance, uses this 7-5 format. During constructive speeches, debaters may introduce new arguments and the speaker's opponents may rise to ask questions of the speaker. Constructive speakers can accept or reject any given question. Rebuttals are exclusively for summarizing the arguments that were made during constructives. Over the past few years many coaches and competitors have referred to the official title of speeches with different names. These are unofficial yet very popular with many judges: * Prime Minister Constructive * Leader of Opposition Constructive * Member of Government Constructive * Member of Opposition Constructive * Leader of Opposition Rebuttal * Prime Minister Rebuttal The third rule of importance is the ban on quoted evidence. Literally, this simply means that the debaters may not bring in printed, published evidence and consult it during the round. It is expected that debaters will use their own preexisting knowledge and research conducted prior to the start of the actual round to back their arguments with reasoning and empirical data. Once they enter the debating chambers, parliamentary debaters are prohibited from using published materials to supplement their arguments. This places parli in stark contrast to the other common intercollegiate debate format: policy debate. Policy debaters utilize quoted evidence. Any mature debate circuit will develop its own customs and practices. Some people argue that the (NPDA rules ) are very laissez-faire, preferring to let the norms of what constitutes valid argumentation be subjects for the debate itself. Others believe that, in recent years, the NPDA has been hesitant to allow its participants to engage in controversial, avant garde or "nontraditional" debate practices at its national championship tournament. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「: ''NPDA redirects here, it may also refer to nondeterministic pushdown automata.''The National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA) is one of the two national intercollegiate parliamentary debate organizations in the United States. The other is the American Parliamentary Debate Association. Its membership is national with participating schools on both coasts and throughout the country. As of 2015, NAPA was the largest debating organization in the United States with around 200-250 participating schools in any given year.http://www.parlidebate.org/about-npda/==The Rules of NPDA Debate==In tournaments sponsored or sanctioned by the NPDA, teams of two persons debate head-to-head. Tournaments issue a new topic each round, generally on issues such as politics, philosophy, and current affairs, and speeches begin after limited preparation time.Parliamentary debate, which is often shortened as "parli," is a debate format in which tournament officials assign a new topic every round. After the announcement of the topic, the two teams have a limited preparation time, which is 15 minutes plus the time it takes to walk to the furthest away round in which debates will be taking place (usually rounded to 20 minutes), during which to write out their respective cases.The second important rule is time limits. The standard time limits for an NPDA debate are:* First Proposition Speaker: 7 minutes* First Opposition Speaker: 8 minutes* Second Proposition Speaker: 8 minutes* Second Opposition Speaker: 8 minutes* Opposition Rebuttal: 4 minutes* Proposition Rebuttal: 5 minutesThere are tournaments, however, at which these are modified, generally to a 7-7-7-7-5-5 format. The Claremont Colleges tournament, for instance, uses this 7-5 format. During constructive speeches, debaters may introduce new arguments and the speaker's opponents may rise to ask questions of the speaker. Constructive speakers can accept or reject any given question. Rebuttals are exclusively for summarizing the arguments that were made during constructives.Over the past few years many coaches and competitors have referred to the official title of speeches with different names. These are unofficial yet very popular with many judges: * Prime Minister Constructive* Leader of Opposition Constructive* Member of Government Constructive* Member of Opposition Constructive* Leader of Opposition Rebuttal* Prime Minister RebuttalThe third rule of importance is the ban on quoted evidence. Literally, this simply means that the debaters may not bring in printed, published evidence and consult it during the round. It is expected that debaters will use their own preexisting knowledge and research conducted prior to the start of the actual round to back their arguments with reasoning and empirical data.Once they enter the debating chambers, parliamentary debaters are prohibited from using published materials to supplement their arguments. This places parli in stark contrast to the other common intercollegiate debate format: policy debate. Policy debaters utilize quoted evidence.Any mature debate circuit will develop its own customs and practices. Some people argue that the (NPDA rules ) are very laissez-faire, preferring to let the norms of what constitutes valid argumentation be subjects for the debate itself. Others believe that, in recent years, the NPDA has been hesitant to allow its participants to engage in controversial, avant garde or "nontraditional" debate practices at its national championship tournament.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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